Yanling Schneider (1), Reiner Zielke (2), Chensheng Xu (1), Muhammad Tayyab (2), Ulrich Weber (3), Siegfried Schmauder (1), Wolfgang Tillmann (2)
Materials, 14, Issue 13, June 2021: 3562. DOI: 10.3390/ma14133562

Keywords

micro-computed tomography (μCT); digital image correlation; local strain map; damage evolution; machine learning

Abstract

Commercial Co/WC/diamond composites are hard metals and very useful as a kind of tool material, for which both ductile and quasi-brittle behaviors are possible. This work experimentally investigates their damage evolution dependence on microstructural features. The current study investigates a different type of Co/WC-type tool material which contains 90 vol.% Co instead of the usual <50 vol.%. The studied composites showed quasi-brittle behavior. An in-house-designed testing machine realizes the in-situ micro-computed tomography (μCT) under loading. This advanced equipment can record local damage in 3D during the loading. The digital image correlation technique delivers local displacement/strain maps in 2D and 3D based on tomographic images. As shown by nanoindentation tests, matrix regions near diamond particles do not possess higher hardness values than other regions. Since local positions with high stress are often coincident with those with high strain, diamonds, which aim to achieve composites with high hardnesses, contribute to the strength less than the WC phase. Samples that illustrated quasi-brittle behavior possess about 100–130 MPa higher tensile strengths than those with ductile behavior. Voids and their connections (forming mini/small cracks) dominant the detected damages, which means void initiation, growth, and coalescence should be the damage mechanisms. The void appears in the form of debonding. Still, it is uncovered that debonding between Co-diamonds plays a major role in provoking fatal fractures for composites with quasi-brittle behavior. An optimized microstructure should avoid diamond clusters and their local volume concentrations. To improve the time efficiency and the object-identification accuracy in μCT image segmentation, machine learning (ML), U-Net in the convolutional neural network (deep learning), is applied. This method takes only about 40 min to segment more than 700 images, i.e., a great improvement of the time efficiency compared to the manual work and the accuracy maintained. The results mentioned above demonstrate knowledge about the strengthening and damage mechanisms for Co/WC/diamond composites with >50 vol.% Co. The material properties for such tool materials (>50 vol.% Co) is rarely published until now. Efforts made in the ML part contribute to the realization of autonomous processing procedures in big-data-driven science applied in materials science.

How Our Software Was Used

Dragonfly was used to align image slices.

Author Affiliation

(1) Institute for Materials Testing, Materials Science and Strength of Materials (IMWF), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
(2) RIF Institute for Research and Transfer e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Str. 20, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
(3) Material Testing Institute (MPA), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.